Procedures
This population-based, cross-sectional study using a nationwide, systemic, stratified, multistage, clustered sampling method included a total of 3625 subjects aged 12–19 years who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2012. All participants underwent ophthalmic examination and a standardized interview including average sleep duration (hr/day), education, physical activity and economic status (annual household income). Refractive error was measured by autorefraction without cycloplegia. Myopia and high myopia were defined as ??0.50 dioptres (D) and ??6.0 D fetlife kortingscode, respectively. Sleep durations were classified into 5 categories: <5, 6, 7, 8 and >9 hr.
Overall performance
The overall prevalence of myopia and high myopia were 77.8% and 9.4%, respectively, and the overall sleep duration was 7.1 hr/day. The refractive error increased by 0.10 D per 1 hr increase in sleep after adjusting for potential confounders including sex, age, height, education level, economic status and physical activity. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for refractive error was 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83–0.97) per 1 hr increase in sleep. The adjusted OR for myopia was decreased in those with >9 hr of sleep (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38–0.93; p for trend = 0.006) than in those with <5 hr of sleep. However, high myopia was not associated with sleep duration.
Results
This research comes with the population-based, epidemiologic facts to own an enthusiastic inverse matchmaking between sleep period and you will myopia within the a real estate agent society regarding Korean teens.
Inclusion
Myopia is one of the most prominent ocular illness linked to artwork interference around the world (Morgan ainsi que al. 2012 ). The latest incidence off myopia is broadening on an epidemic speed, especially in Eastern Asia and you can Southern area-Eastern Asia, and a lot more slower within the The united states, European countries, Israel and you will Australia (Morgan & Rose 2013 ). The expenses connected with visual disability due to myopia is correction out-of refractive mistake thru servings, lenses and refractive surgery. On the other hand, brand new comorbidities and you can pathological consequences of higher myopia can result into the big death of vision as well as blindness (Morgan mais aussi al. 2012 ). Discover further public can cost you when it comes to loss of returns associated with myopia. Therefore, there can be an ever growing requirement for methods to prevent the onset and you will advancement of myopia.
Chance products for myopia have been widely investigated for the earlier epidemiologic studies (Dish ainsi que al. 2012 ). Near work, degree, years, financial updates and you can top were apparently reported to be related which have myopia (Zhang et al. 2011 ; ). Recently, an elevated number of outdoor date try proven to enjoys a defensive perception up against myopia development in one another mix-sectional education (Flower mais aussi al. 2008a , b ) and you will longitudinal education (Jones ainsi que al. 2007 ; Jones-Michael jordan ainsi que al. 2011 ; Guggenheim mais aussi al. 2012 ). A couple intervention studies have stated reductions inside the myopia of the increasing big date outside (Wu mais aussi al. 2013 ), and you may a good three-seasons college-established intervention comes with advertised positive effects (Guggenheim ainsi que al. 2012 ). It actually was postulated one to improved sun intensity outside expands dopamine discharge from the retina, and therefore minimizes eyes growth, hence theory has been shown inside a number of lab training to your fresh myopia pets (Gao et al. 2005 ; McCarthy et al. 2007 ; Brick mais aussi al. 2007 ; Feldkaemper & Schaeffel 2013 ).
I have in past times reported the newest high prevalence from myopia and you will high myopia during the younger communities from inside the metropolitan (Seoul, 96.5% and you will 21.6%, respectively) and you can outlying (Jeju, 83.3% and you can 6.8%, respectively) elements when you look at the South Korea ( ). Furthermore, we have stated this new rapid secular alterations in the newest prevalence out-of myopia within the a realtor Korean population (Kim ainsi que al. 2013a ). This type of alter are most likely of this intense data demands with the Korean people, since the Korean children are among the highest writers and singers on international PISA studies out-of university results (Morgan & Rose 2013 ). Especially in its teenage ages, Korean teenagers have also claimed getting insufficient sleep, particularly in the brand new senior years out-of senior school (Yang mais aussi al. 2005 ; Rhie mais aussi al. 2011 ). We therefore hypothesized one sleep disorders ined which theory playing with member people-based studies on Korean NHANES education.